Bibliografia

Dodatek 11 · Antydietetyk · Marek Konderski

01. Moja długa droga

  1. American Diabetes Association. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2023. Diabetes Care. 2023; 46 (Supplement_1): S19–S40.

02. Podwójny obiadek i korzenie otyłości

  1. Spalding KL, et al. (2008). Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans. Nature, 453(7196), 783–787.
  2. Myers MG, et al. (2008). Mechanisms of leptin action and resistance. Annual Review of Physiology, 70, 537–556.
  3. Samuel VT, & Shulman GI. (2012). Mechanisms for insulin resistance: common threads and therapeutic opportunities. Cell, 148(5), 852–871.
  4. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, & Baler RD. (2011). Reward, dopamine and the control of food intake: implications for obesity. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(1), 37–46.eptin action and resistance.* Annual Review of Physiology. 2008;70:537-56.
  5. Samuel VT, Shulman GI. Mechanisms for insulin resistance: common threads and therapeutic opportunities. Cell. 2012;148(5):852-71.
  6. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Baler RD. Reward, dopamine and the control of food intake: implications for obesity. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2011;15(1):37-46.

03. Mój własny system

  1. Sargeant JA, et al. (2022). A Review of the Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Exercise on Body Composition in Obesity.
  2. Lean MEJ, et al. (2018). Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT). The Lancet.
  3. Hinte LC, et al. (2024). Adipose tissue retains an epigenetic memory of obesity after weight loss. Nature.
  4. Wilding JPH, et al. (2021). Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med.
  5. American Diabetes Association (2024). Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024.

04. Zanim zaczniesz — badania, które musisz zrobić

  1. American Diabetes Association. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes — 2024. Diabetes Care. 2024;47(Supplement 1).
  2. Davies MJ, Aroda VR, Collins BS, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(11):2753–2786.
  3. Wing RR, Lang W, Wadden TA, et al. Benefits of modest weight loss in improving cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(7):1481–1486.
  4. Garvey WT, Mechanick JI, Brett EM, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology comprehensive clinical practice guidelines for medical care of patients with obesity. Endocrine Practice. 2016;22(Supplement 3):1–203.
  5. Polskie Towarzystwo Diabetologiczne. Zalecenia kliniczne dotyczące postępowania u chorych na cukrzycę 2024. Diabetologia Kliniczna. 2024.
  6. Carlsson S. Etiology and Pathogenesis of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) in Comparison to Type 2 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol. 2019;10:320.
  7. Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, & Lustman PJ. The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(6):1069–1078.
  8. Cusi K, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Primary Care and Endocrinology Clinical Settings. Endocr Pract. 2022;28(5):528–562.
  9. de Jager J, Kooy A, Lehert P, et al. Long term treatment with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency: randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2010;340:c2181.
  10. DECODE Study Group. Glucose tolerance and cardiovascular mortality: comparison of fasting and 2-hour diagnostic criteria. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(3):397–405.
  11. Barbagallo M, & Dominguez LJ. Magnesium and type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes. 2015;6(10):1152–1157.

05. Cukrzyca typu 2 — cichy wyrok, który można odwołać

  1. International Diabetes Federation (2021). IDF Diabetes Atlas, 10th edition.
  2. Polskie Towarzystwo Diabetologiczne (2024). Zalecenia kliniczne dotyczące postępowania u chorych na cukrzycę.
  3. American Diabetes Association (2024). Standards of Care in Diabetes.
  4. DeFronzo RA, et al. (2015). Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Dis Primers.
  5. Taylor R, Holman RR (2015). The personal fat threshold. Clin Sci.
  6. UKPDS Group (1998). Intensive blood-glucose control and risk of complications. Lancet.
  7. Look AHEAD Research Group (2013). Lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med.
  8. Kahn SE, et al. (2014). Pathophysiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes. Lancet.
  9. Petersen MC, Shulman GI (2018). Mechanisms of insulin action and insulin resistance. Physiol Rev.
  10. Samuel VT, Shulman GI (2016). Integrating signaling pathways and substrate flux. J Clin Invest.
  11. Hotamisligil GS (2017). Inflammation, metaflammation and immunometabolic disorders. Nature.
  12. Roden M, Shulman GI (2019). The integrative biology of type 2 diabetes. Nature.
  13. Lean MEJ, et al. (2018). Weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT). Lancet.
  14. Carlsson S (2019). Etiology and Pathogenesis of LADA. Front Physiol.
  15. Boucher J, Kleinridders A, & Kahn CR. (2014). Insulin receptor signaling in normal and insulin-resistant states. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology.
  16. Tilg H, Moschen AR, & Roden M. (2017). NAFLD and diabetes mellitus. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology.
  17. Scherer PE. (2019). The many secret lives of adipocytes: implications for diabetes. Diabetologia.
  18. Summers SA. (2006). Ceramides in insulin resistance and lipotoxicity. Progress in Lipid Research.
  19. Czech MP. (2017). Insulin action and resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Nature Medicine.

06. Złodziej testosteronu

  1. Cohen PG (1999). The hypogonadal-obesity cycle: role of hyperestrogenemia, LH suppression, and low testosterone. Med Hypotheses. 52(1):49–51.
  2. Corona G, et al. (2013). Body weight loss reverts hyperestrogenemia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in obese men. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 14(2):149–156.
  3. Leproult R, Van Cauter E (2011). Effect of 1 week of sleep restriction on testosterone levels in young healthy men. JAMA. 305(21):2173–2174.
  4. Pilz S, et al. (2011). Effect of vitamin D supplementation on testosterone levels in men. Horm Metab Res. 43(3):223–225.
  5. Luboshitzky R, et al. (2003). Disrupted temporal organization of the nocturnal sleep-testosterone relationship in obese men. Obes Res. 11(10):1219–1225.
  6. Luboshitzky R, et al. (2005). Altered luteinizing hormone and testosterone secretion in middle-aged obese men with obstructive sleep apnea. Obes Res. 13(4):780–786.
  7. Gambineri A, et al. (2003). Testosterone levels in obese men with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: effect of CPAP treatment. Int J Androl. 26(3):166–171.
  8. Ding EL, et al. (2006). Sex differences of endogenous sex hormones and risk of type 2 diabetes. JAMA. 295(11):1288–1299.
  9. Mauduit C, et al. (1992). Effects of TNF-α and IL-6 on testosterone production by Leydig cells. Hum Reprod. 7(3):399–404.

07. O czym nie powiesz lekarzowi ani żonie

  1. Kouidrat Y, et al. (2017). High prevalence of erectile dysfunction in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 145 studies. Diabet Med. 34(9):1185–1192.
  2. Montorsi P, et al. (2022). Erectile dysfunction as a sentinel of cardiovascular disease. Front Cardiovasc Med. 9:945535.
  3. Esposito K, et al. (2004). Effect of lifestyle changes on erectile dysfunction in obese men. JAMA. 291(24):2978–2984.
  4. Malavige LS, Levy JC. (2009). Erectile dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. J Sex Med. 6(5):1232–1247.
  5. Anderson RJ, et al. (2001). The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 24(6):1069–1078.
  6. Aversa A, et al. (2011). Effects of tadalafil on erectile dysfunction, endothelial function, and metabolic parameters in type 2 diabetes. Int J Impot Res. 23(6):260–267.
  7. Zinman B, et al. (2015). Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 373(22):2117–2128.

08. Ciche alarmy: serce, sen i stopy

  1. American Diabetes Association (2024). Retinopathy, Neuropathy, and Foot Care: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care. 47(Suppl 1):S231–S243.
  2. Kwak S, et al. (2021). Prevalence and Prognostic Implications of Silent Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 14(7):1380–1392.
  3. Kapur VK, et al. (2017). Clinical Practice Guideline for Diagnostic Testing for Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea. J Clin Sleep Med. 13(3):479–504.
  4. Sharma SK, et al. (2011). CPAP for the Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea. N Engl J Med. 365(24):2277–2286.
  5. Armstrong DG, Boulton AJM, Bus SA. (2017). Diabetic Foot Ulcers and Their Recurrence. N Engl J Med. 376(24):2367–2375.
  6. Zhong VW, et al. (2018). Association of Diabetic Retinopathy and Other Diabetic Microvascular Complications With Risk of Cognitive Impairment. Diabetes Care. 41(7):1473–1481.

10. Jak GLP-1 wycisza głód — i czy to droga dla Ciebie

  1. Nauck MA, et al. GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Molecular Metabolism. 2021;46:101102.
  2. Wilding JPH, et al. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(11):989–1002.
  3. Davies M, et al. Semaglutide 2.4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and T2DM (STEP 2). Lancet. 2021;397(10278):971–984.
  4. Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(3):205–216.
  5. Frias JP, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-2). N Engl J Med. 2021;385(6):503–515.
  6. Marso SP, et al. Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes (LEADER). N Engl J Med. 2016;375(4):311–322.
  7. Marso SP, et al. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in T2DM (SUSTAIN-6). N Engl J Med. 2016;375(19):1834–1844.
  8. Gerstein HC, et al. Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in T2DM (REWIND). Lancet. 2019;394(10193):121–130.
  9. Drucker DJ. GLP-1 physiology informs the pharmacotherapy of obesity. Molecular Metabolism. 2022;57:101351.
  10. Müller TD, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Molecular Metabolism. 2019;30:72–130.
  11. Aziz F, et al. Updated perspectives on the role of incretin-based pharmacotherapies. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(9):1599–1612.
  12. American Diabetes Association. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment. Diabetes Care. 2024;47(Suppl 1):S158–S178.
  13. Ryan DH, et al. Long-term weight loss effects of semaglutide in obesity without diabetes (SELECT). Nature Medicine. 2024;30:2049–2057.
  14. Pi-Sunyer X, et al. Liraglutide 3.0 mg in Weight Management (SCALE Obesity). N Engl J Med. 2015;373(1):11–22.
  15. Davies MJ, et al. Efficacy of Liraglutide for Weight Loss in T2DM (SCALE Diabetes). JAMA. 2015;314(7):687–699.
  16. Wadden TA, et al. Semaglutide vs Placebo with Intensive Behavioral Therapy (STEP 3). JAMA. 2021;325(14):1403–1413.
  17. Rubino D, et al. Semaglutide vs Placebo on Weight Loss Maintenance (STEP 4). JAMA. 2021;325(14):1414–1425.
  18. Jastreboff AM, et al. Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity — Phase 2. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(6):514–526.
  19. Wilding JPH, et al. Weight regain after withdrawal of semaglutide (STEP 1 extension). Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022;24(8):1553–1564.
  20. Qian J, et al. Real-world adherence and discontinuation of GLP-1 RA. Ann Intern Med. 2024.
  21. Bikou O, et al. Body composition changes with semaglutide in obesity. Obesity. 2023;31(9):2250–2258.
  22. Klausen MK, et al. Exenatide for alcohol use disorder — RCT. JCI Insight. 2022;7(19):e159863.
  23. Loomba R, et al. Semaglutide 2.4 mg in MASH (ESSENCE). N Engl J Med. 2024;391(19):1789–1801.
  24. van Bloemendaal L, et al. GLP-1 receptor activation modulates appetite- and reward-related brain areas. Diabetes. 2014;63(12):4186–4196.

11. Farmakologia przyszłości

  1. Jastreboff AM, Kaplan LM, Frías JP, et al. (2023). Triple–Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity — A Phase 2 Trial. New England Journal of Medicine, 389(6), 514–526. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2301972
  2. Rosenstock J, Wysham C, Frías JP, et al. (2023). Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. The Lancet, 402(10401), 529–544. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01053-X
  3. Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al. (2022). Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity (SURMOUNT-1). New England Journal of Medicine, 387(3), 205–216.
  4. Heymsfield SB, Coleman LA, Miller R, et al. (2021). Effect of Bimagrumab vs Placebo on Body Fat Mass Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity: A Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open, 4(1), e2033457. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.33457
  5. Nauck MA, D'Alessio DA. (2022). Tirzepatide, a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor co-agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes with unmatched effectiveness regarding glycaemic control and body weight reduction. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 21(1), 169.
  6. Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al. (2021). Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (STEP 1). New England Journal of Medicine, 384(11), 989–1002. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2032183
  7. Longuet C, Sinclair EM, Maida A, et al. (2008). The glucagon receptor is required for the adaptive metabolic response to fasting. Cell Metabolism, 8(5), 359–371. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2008.09.008

12. Które tabletki musisz dodatkowo łykać

  1. Davies, M., et al. (2021). Semaglutide 2·4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2). The Lancet, 397(10278), 971-984. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00213-0.
  2. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. (2023). Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023. Diabetes Care, 46(Supplement_1). DOI: 10.2337/dc23-Sint.
  3. Kreider, R. B., et al. (2017). International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 14(1), 18. DOI: 10.1186/s12970-017-0173-z.
  4. Schurgers, L. J., et al. (2007). Vitamin K-containing dietary supplements: comparison of synthetic vitamin K1 and natto-derived menaquinone-7. Blood, 109(8), 3279-3283. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-08-040709.
  5. Barbagallo, M., Dominguez, L. J. (2015). Magnesium and type 2 diabetes. World Journal of Diabetes, 6(10), 1152-1157. DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i10.1152.
  6. European Medicines Agency (EMA). (2010). EMA recommends suspension of marketing authorisations for sibutramine-containing medicines.
  7. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2010). Sibutramine (marketed as Meridia): Withdrawal from the US market due to increased risk of heart attack and stroke.
  8. Abbasi, B., et al. (2012). The effect of magnesium supplementation on primary insomnia in elderly: A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. PMID: 23853635.

13. Jak zaplanować wyjście z diety

  1. Rubino D, et al. Effect of Continued Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo on Weight Maintenance in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: The STEP 4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021;325(14):1414-1425.
  2. Lundgren JR, et al. Healthy Weight Loss Maintenance with Exercise, Liraglutide, or Both Combined. New England Journal of Medicine. 2021;384(20):1919-1930.
  3. Wilding JPH, et al. Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: The STEP 1 trial extension. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2022;24(8):1553-1564.
  4. van Bloemendaal L, et al. Effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists on weight loss and neural responses to food cues in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2014;57(12):2487-2491.
  5. Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity. New England Journal of Medicine. 2022;387(3):205-216.
  6. Burgess E, et al. The Role of Self-Monitoring in Weight Loss and Weight Maintenance. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 2017;46(1):101-111.
  7. Blundell J, et al. Effects of once-weekly semaglutide on appetite, energy intake, energy expenditure, gastric emptying and blood glucose: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2017;19(9):1242-1251.
  8. Johannsen DL, et al. Metabolic slowing with massive weight loss despite preservation of fat-free mass. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2012;97(7):2489-2496.
  9. Dandona P, et al. Testosterone deficiency in adult men. International Journal of Clinical Practice. 2010;64(6):682-696.
  10. Cummings DE, et al. Plasma Ghrelin Levels after Diet-Induced Weight Loss or Gastric Bypass Surgery. New England Journal of Medicine. 2002;346(21):1623-1630.

14. Dlaczego wysoki cukier hamuje chudnięcie

  1. Guyton, A. C., & Hall, J. E. (2015). Textbook of Medical Physiology. Elsevier Health Sciences.
  2. Foster-Powell, K., Holt, S. H., & Brand-Miller, J. C. (2002). International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
  3. Ferriss, T. (2010). The 4-Hour Body. Crown Archetype.
  4. Matthews, D. R., et al. (1985). Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia.
  5. Spiegel, K., et al. (1999). Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. The Lancet.
  6. Fontana, L., et al. (2007). Visceral fat adipokine secretion is associated with systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. Diabetes.
  7. Polskie Towarzystwo Diabetologiczne. (2024). Zalecenia kliniczne dotyczące postępowania u chorych na cukrzycę.
  8. Polonsky, K. S., et al. (1988). Profiles of plasma insulin and C-peptide from fasting subjects. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 81(2), 442–448. DOI: 10.1172/JCI113339.
  9. Feinman, R. D., et al. (2015). Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management: Critical review and evidence base. Nutrition, 31(1), 1–13. DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.06.011.
  10. Lustig, R. H., et al. (2016). Isocaloric fructose restriction and metabolic improvement in children with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Obesity, 24(2), 453–460. DOI: 10.1002/oby.21371. [
  11. Samuel, V. T., & Shulman, G. I. (2018). Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease as a Nexus of Metabolic and Hepatic Diseases. Cell Metabolism, 27(1), 22–41. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.08.002.
  12. Aroda, V. R., et al. (2021). Prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving metformin. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 106(10), e4239–e4253. DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab492.
  13. Anton, S. D., et al. (2018). Flipping the Metabolic Switch: Understanding and Applying the Health Benefits of Fasting. Obesity, 26(2), 254–268. DOI: 10.1002/oby.22065.

15. Okno, które daje wolność — post przerywany w praktyce

  1. Yuan X, et al. (2022). Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Glycemic Control, Weight Loss, and Lipid Profile in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Endocrinol. 13:841938. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.841938.
  2. Suez J, et al. (2022). Personalized microbiome-driven effects of non-nutritive sweeteners on human glucose tolerance. Cell. 185(18):3307-3328. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.07.016.
  3. Anton SD, et al. (2018). Flipping the Metabolic Switch: Understanding and Applying the Health Benefits of Fasting. Obesity (Silver Spring). 26(2):254-268. DOI: 10.1002/oby.22065.
  4. American Diabetes Association (2024). Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care 47 (Supplement_1).
  5. Longo VD, Mattson MP. (2014). Fasting: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Applications. Cell Metabolism. 19(2):181–192. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.12.008.
  6. Peters AL, et al. (2015). Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis: A Potential Complication of Treatment With Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibition. Diabetes Care. 38(9):1687–1693. DOI: 10.2337/dc15-0843.
  7. Nauck M, et al. (1986). Reduced incretin effect in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia. 29(1):46–52. DOI: 10.1007/BF02427280.
  8. Sutton EF, et al. (2018). Early Time-Restricted Feeding Improves Insulin Sensitivity, Blood Pressure, and Oxidative Stress Even without Weight Loss in Men with Prediabetes. Cell Metabolism. 27(6):1212–1221. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.010.
  9. Hartman ML, et al. (1992). Augmented growth hormone (GH) secretory burst frequency and amplitude mediate enhanced GH secretion during a two-day fast in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 74(4):757–765. DOI: 10.1210/jcem.74.4.1548337.
  10. Cai H, et al. (2021). Effects of Alternate-Day Fasting on the Metabolic Syndrome and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Overweight or Obese Adults. Front Nutr. 8:709683. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.709683.

16. Keto, czyli tłuszczem w tłuszcz

  1. Hallberg, S. J., et al. (2018). Effectiveness and Safety of a Novel Care Model for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes at 1 Year: An Open-Label, Non-Randomized, Controlled Study. Diabetes Therapy. (Kluczowe badanie Virta Health wykazujące 60% remisji T2D).
  2. Youm, Y. H., et al. (2015). The ketone metabolite β-hydroxybutyrate blocks NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory disease. Nature Medicine. (Dowód na przeciwzapalne działanie ciał ketonowych).
  3. Stubbs, B. J., et al. (2018). A Ketone Ester Drink Lowers Human Ghrelin and Appetite. Obesity. (Mechanizm hamowania głodu przez ketozę).
  4. Athinarayanan, S. J., et al. (2019). Long-Term Effects of a Novel Continuous Remote Care Intervention Including Nutritional Ketosis for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes: A 2-Year Non-randomized Clinical Trial. Frontiers in Endocrinology. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00348. (Dane Virta Health — trwałość efektów metabolicznych przy diecie niskowęglowodanowej w T2DM).
  5. Yin, J., et al. (2008). Efficacy of berberine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism, 57(5), 712–717. DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2008.01.013. (Kontekst mechanizmu berberyny — działa na szlak AMPK analogicznie do metforminy, stąd ryzyko interakcji przy łączeniu z metforminą i GLP-1).
  6. Johnston, C. S., et al. (2004). Vinegar Improves Insulin Sensitivity to a High-Carbohydrate Meal in Subjects With Insulin Resistance or Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 27(1), 281–282. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.27.1.281. (Wpływ octu jabłkowego na glikemię poposiłkową).

17. Jaka dieta pasuje do Twojego metabolizmu

  1. Lean MEJ, et al. Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT): an open-label, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet. 2018;391(10120):541-551.
  2. Estruch R, et al. Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Extra-Virgin Olive Oil or Nuts (PREDIMED). New England Journal of Medicine. 2018;378(25):e34.
  3. American Diabetes Association (ADA) / Polskie Towarzystwo Diabetologiczne (PTD). Zalecenia kliniczne dotyczące postępowania u chorych na cukrzycę (progi glikemii poposiłkowej do 140 mg/dl).
  4. Charakterystyka Produktu Leczniczego (ChPL) dla substancji czynnych semaglutyd (np. Ozempic) oraz tirzepatyd (np. Mounjaro) – mechanizm opóźnionego opróżniania żołądka i interakcje.

18. Dlaczego białko ratuje Twój metabolizm

  1. Wycherley TP, Moran LJ, Clifton PM, Noakes M, Brinkworth GD. Effects of energy-restricted high-protein, low-fat compared with standard-protein, low-fat diets: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96(6):1281-1298.
  2. Stokes T, Hector AJ, Morton RW, McGlory C, Phillips SM. Recent Perspectives Regarding the Role of Dietary Protein for the Promotion of Muscle Hypertrophy with Resistance Exercise Training. Nutrients. 2018;10(2):180.
  3. Antonio J, Ellerbroek A, Silver T, et al. A high protein diet has no harmful effects: A one-year crossover study in resistance-trained males. J Nutr Metab. 2016;2016:9104792.
  4. Leidy HJ, Clifton PM, Astrup A, et al. The role of protein in weight loss and maintenance. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;101(6):1320S-1329S.
  5. Schoenfeld BJ, Aragon AA. How much protein can the body use in a single meal for muscle-building? Implications for daily protein distribution. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2018;15:10.
  6. Trommelen J, et al. The anabolic response to protein ingestion during recovery from exercise has no upper limit in magnitude and duration in vivo in humans. Cell Rep Med. 2023;4(12):101324.
  7. Westerterp KR. Diet induced thermogenesis. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2004;1(1):5.
  8. Bauer J, Biolo G, Cederholm T, et al. Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE Study Group. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(8):542-559.
  9. Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, Willett W, Curhan G. Purine-rich foods, dairy and protein intake, and the risk of gout in men. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(11):1093-1103.
  10. KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int. 2022;102(4S):S1-S338.
  11. Kaneko K, Aoyagi Y, Fukuuchi T, Inazawa K, Yamaoka N. Total purine and purine base content of common foodstuffs for facilitating nutritional therapy for gout and hyperuricemia. Biol Pharm Bull. 2014;37(5):709-721.

19. 17 dań, które nasycą i nie wymagają gotowania

  1. American Diabetes Association. Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report. Diabetes Care, 2019;42(5):731-754.
  2. Lean MEJ, Leslie WS, Barnes AC, et al. Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT). Lancet, 2018;391(10120):541-551.
  3. Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J, et al. Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet. New England Journal of Medicine, 2018;378(25):e34.
  4. Esposito K, Maiorino MI, Bellastella G, et al. A journey into a Mediterranean diet and type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open, 2015;5(8):e008222.
  5. Jenkins DJA, Dehghan M, Mente A, et al. Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality. New England Journal of Medicine, 2021;384(14):1312-1322.
  6. Polskie Towarzystwo Diabetologiczne. Zalecenia kliniczne dotyczące postępowania u chorych na cukrzycę 2024. Diabetologia Kliniczna, 2024.
  7. Dockray GJ. Cholecystokinin. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity, 2012;19(1):8-12. DOI: 10.1097/MED.0b013e32834eb77d
  8. Batterham RL, Cowley MA, Small CJ, et al. Gut hormone PYY physiologically inhibits food intake. Nature, 2002;418(6898):650-654. DOI: 10.1038/nature00887
  9. Hu Y, Hu FB, Manson JE. Marine Omega-3 Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease: An Updated Meta-Analysis of 13 Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of the American Heart Association, 2019;8(19):e013543. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.119.013543
  10. Bueno NB, de Melo ISV, de Oliveira SL, da Rocha Ataide T. Very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet v. low-fat diet for long-term weight loss. British Journal of Nutrition, 2013;110(7):1178-1187. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114513000548
  11. Qin J, Li Y, Cai Z, et al. A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature, 2012;490(7418):55-60. DOI: 10.1038/nature11450
  12. Wastyk HC, Fragiadakis GK, Perelman D, et al. Gut-microbiota-targeted diets modulate human immune status. Cell, 2021;184(16):4137-4153.e14. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.019

20. Alkohol i chudnięcie: co naprawdę dzieje się z Twoją wątrobą

  1. Cederbaum AI. (2012). Alcohol metabolism. Clin Liver Dis. DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2012.08.002.
  2. Ebrahim S, et al. (2013). Alcohol and sleep I: effects on normal sleep. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. DOI: 10.1111/acer.12006.
  3. Milligan SR, et al. (1999). The endocrine activities of 8-prenylnaringenin and related hop (Humulus lupulus L.) flavonoids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. DOI: 10.1210/jcem.84.6.5719.
  4. American Diabetes Association. (2024). Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024.
  5. Siler SQ, et al. (1999). De novo lipogenesis, lipid kinetics, and whole-body lipid oxidation in humans during acute alcohol consumption. Am J Clin Nutr. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/70.5.928.
  6. Jeppesen PB, et al. (1994). The effect of alcohol on postprandial glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid responses in patients with type 1 diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr. 48(7):513–518.

21. Odpowiednie tętno

  1. Tanaka H, Monahan KD, Seals DR. Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37(1):153-156.
  2. Colberg SR, et al. Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes. ACSM/ADA position statement. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2010.
  3. Achten J, Jeukendrup AE. Optimizing fat oxidation through exercise and diet. Nutrition. 2004;20(7-8):716-27.
  4. LaForgia J, Withers RT, Gore CJ. Effects of exercise intensity and duration on the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). J Sports Sci. 2006;24(12):1247-64.

22. Dlaczego bez ruchu nie wygrasz

  1. Colberg SR, et al. (2016), Physical Activity/Exercise and Diabetes, Diabetes Care.
  2. Kirwan JP, et al. (2017), The essential role of exercise in the management of type 2 diabetes, Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine.
  3. Richter EA, Hargreaves M. (2013), Exercise, GLUT4, and skeletal muscle glucose uptake, Physiological Reviews.
  4. Wewege M, et al. (2017), The effects of high-intensity interval training vs. moderate-intensity continuous training on body composition in overweight adults, Obesity Reviews.
  5. Sigal RJ, et al. (2007), Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes, Annals of Internal Medicine.
  6. Meerman R, Brown AJ. (2014), When somebody loses weight, where does the fat go?, BMJ.
  7. Wing RR, Phelan S. (2005), Long-term weight loss maintenance, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
  8. Hamilton MT, et al. (2022), A potent physiological method to magnify carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, iScience. (Badania nad mięśniem płaszczkowatym łydki i „soleus pushup").
  9. Ruderman N, Chisholm D, Pi-Sunyer X, Schneider S. (1998), The metabolically obese, normal-weight individual revisited. Diabetes, 47(5):699–713.

23. Ćwiczenia na początek

  1. Reynolds, A. N., et al. (2016). Advice to walk after meals is more effective for lowering postprandial glycaemia in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia.
  2. Colberg, S. R., et al. (2016). Physical Activity/Exercise and Diabetes: A Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care.
  3. Holten, M. K., et al. (2004). Strength training increases insulin-mediated glucose uptake and GLUT4 content in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes.
  4. Levine, J. A., et al. (2005). Interindividual variation in posture allocation: possible role in human obesity. Science.
  5. McClave, S. A., & Snider, H. L. (2001). Dissecting the energy needs of the body. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care.
  6. Nilsson, J., & Thorstensson, A. (1989). Ground reaction forces at different speeds of human walking and running. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica.

24. Dlaczego jest mi zimno?

  1. Fothergill E. i wsp., Persistent metabolic adaptation 6 years after 'The Biggest Loser' competition., Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016;24(8):1612-9. DOI: 10.1002/oby.21538.
  2. Ahima R.S. i wsp., Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting., Nature. 1996;382(6588):250-3. DOI: 10.1038/382250a0.
  3. Zurlo F. i wsp., Skeletal muscle metabolism is a major determinant of resting energy expenditure., J Clin Invest. 1990;86(5):1423-7. DOI: 10.1172/JCI114857.
  4. de Jager J. i wsp., Long term treatment with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and risk of vitamin-B12 deficiency: randomised placebo controlled trial., BMJ. 2010;340:c2181. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.c2181.
  5. Rosenbaum M. i wsp., Low-dose leptin reverses skeletal muscle, autonomic, and neuroendocrine adaptations to maintenance of reduced weight., J Clin Invest. 2005;115(12):3579-86. DOI: 10.1172/JCI25977.

25. Dlaczego zarwana noc niszczy tygodniową dietę

  1. Spiegel K. i wsp., Sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite., Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(11):846-50. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-141-11-200412070-00008.
  2. St-Onge M.P. i wsp., Short sleep duration increases energy intakes but does not change energy expenditure in normal-weight individuals., Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94(2):410-6. DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.013904.
  3. Nedeltcheva A.V. i wsp., Insufficient sleep undermines dietary efforts to reduce adiposity., Ann Intern Med. 2010;153(7):435-41. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-153-7-201010050-00006.
  4. Leproult R., Van Cauter E., Effect of 1 week of sleep restriction on testosterone levels in young healthy men., JAMA. 2011;305(21):2173-4. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2011.710.
  5. Foster G.D. i wsp., Obstructive sleep apnea among obese patients with type 2 diabetes., Diabetes Care. 2009;32(6):1017-9. DOI: 10.2337/dc08-1776.

26. Z tymi małymi sukinsynami nie wygrasz

  1. Spalding K.L. i wsp., Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans., Nature. 2008;453(7196):783-7. DOI: 10.1038/nature06902.
  2. Sumithran P. i wsp., Long-term persistence of hormonal adaptations to weight loss., N Engl J Med. 2011;365(17):1597-604. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1105816.
  3. Arner P., Fat cell turnover in humans., Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010;396(1):101-4. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.02.165.
  4. Rubino D. i wsp., Effect of Continued Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo on Weight Loss Maintenance in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: The STEP 4 Randomized Clinical Trial., JAMA. 2021;325(14):1414-25. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.3224.

27. Co zrobić, aby głowa nadążyła za zmianami w ciele

  1. Ryan R.M., Deci E.L., Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being., American Psychologist. 2000;55(1):68-78. DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68.
  2. Reiss S., Multifaceted nature of intrinsic motivation: The theory of 16 basic desires., Review of General Psychology. 2004;8(3):179-193. DOI: 10.1037/1089-2680.8.3.179.
  3. Csíkszentmihályi M., Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience., Harper & Row, 1990.
  4. Berridge K.C., The debate over dopamine's role in reward: the case for incentive salience., Psychopharmacology. 2007;191(3):391-431. DOI: 10.1007/s00213-006-0578-x.
  5. Danziger S. i wsp., Extraneous factors in judicial decisions., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108(17):6889-92. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1018033108.
  6. Lepper M.R. i wsp., Undermining children's intrinsic interest with extrinsic reward: A test of the overjustification hypothesis., J Pers Soc Psychol. 1973;28(1):129-37. DOI: 10.1037/h0035519.
  7. Clear J., Atomic Habits: An Easy & Proven Way to Build Good Habits & Break Bad Ones., Avery, 2018.

28. Dlaczego przestałem chudnąć?

  1. Lichtman S.W. i wsp., Discrepancy between Self-Reported and Actual Caloric Intake and Exercise in Obese Subjects., N Engl J Med. 1992;327:1893-1898. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199212313272701.
  2. Rubino D. i wsp., Effect of Continued Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo on Weight Loss Maintenance in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: The STEP 4 Randomized Clinical Trial., JAMA. 2021;325(14):1414–1425. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.3224.
  3. Taheri S. i wsp., Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index., PLoS Med. 2004;1(3):e62. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0010062.
  4. Fothergill E. i wsp., Persistent metabolic adaptation 6 years after 'The Biggest Loser' competition., Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016;24(8):1612-9. DOI: 10.1002/oby.21538.
  5. Ahima R.S. i wsp., Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting., Nature. 1996;382(6588):250-3. DOI: 10.1038/382250a0.
  6. Zurlo F. i wsp., Skeletal muscle metabolism is a major determinant of resting energy expenditure., J Clin Invest. 1990;86(5):1423-7. DOI: 10.1172/JCI114857.
  7. Jastreboff A.M. i wsp., Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity (SURMOUNT-1)., N Engl J Med. 2022;387(3):205-216. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2206038.
  8. Spiegel K. i wsp., Brief communication: Sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite., Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(11):846-50. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-141-11-200412070-00008.
  9. Wilding J.P.H. i wsp., Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: The STEP 1 trial extension., Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022;24(8):1553-1564. DOI: 10.1111/dom.14725.
  10. Westerterp K.R., Diet induced thermogenesis., Nutr Metab (Lond). 2004;1(1):5. DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-1-5.
  11. Rosenbaum M., Leibel R.L., Adaptive thermogenesis in humans., Int J Obes. 2010;34 Suppl 1:S47-55. DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2010.184.

29. „Przecież ty znikasz", czyli sabotaż przy niedzielnym stole

  1. Sato K. i wsp., Weight loss increases circulating testosterone and reduces estradiol in obese men., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014;80(5):704-710. DOI: 10.1111/cen.12354.
  2. Hammoud A.O. i wsp., Male obesity and alteration in sperm parameters., Fertil Steril. 2008;90(6):2222-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.10.011.
  3. Berns G.S. i wsp., Neurobiological Correlates of Social Conformity and Independence During Mental Rotation., Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58(3):245-253. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.012.
  4. Björntorp P., Do stress reactions cause abdominal obesity and comorbidities?, Obes Rev. 2001;2(2):73-86. DOI: 10.1046/j.1467-789x.2001.00027.x.
  5. Cohen S., Wills T.A., Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis., Psychol Bull. 1985;98(2):310-57. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310.

30. Biochemia siłowniowego paraliżu

  1. Björntorp P., Do stress reactions cause abdominal obesity and comorbidities?, Obesity Reviews. 2001;2(2):73-86. DOI: 10.1046/j.1467-789x.2001.00027.x.
  2. Björntorp P., Rosmond R., Obesity and cortisol., Nutrition. 2000;16(10):924-936. DOI: 10.1016/s0899-9007(00)00422-6.
  3. Ottosson M. i wsp., Effects of cortisol and insulin on lipoprotein lipase activity in human adipose tissue., Metabolism. 1994;43(12):1574-80. DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(94)90011-6.
  4. Cumming D.C. i wsp., Acute suppression of circulating testosterone levels by cortisol in men., J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1983;57(3):671-673. DOI: 10.1210/jcem-57-3-671.
  5. Whirledge S., Cidlowski J.A., Glucocorticoids, stress, and fertility., Minerva Endocrinol. 2010;35(2):109-125. PMID: 20595939.
  6. Tomlinson J.W. i wsp., 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1: a tissue-specific regulator of glucocorticoid response., Endocr Rev. 2004;25(5):831-866. DOI: 10.1210/er.2003-0031.

31. Jak rozmawiać z lekarzem — i kiedy go zmienić

  1. Polskie Towarzystwo Diabetologiczne. (2024). Zalecenia kliniczne dotyczące postępowania u chorych na cukrzycę 2024. Diabetologia Kliniczna.
  2. American Diabetes Association. (2024). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes — 2024. Diabetes Care, 47(Supplement 1).
  3. Rubino F. i wsp. (2020). Joint international consensus statement for ending stigma of obesity. Nature Medicine, 26(4), 485–497. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0803-x.
  4. Jastreboff A.M. i wsp. (2022). Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine, 387, 205–216. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2206038.
  5. Wilding J.P.H. i wsp. (2021). Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine, 384, 989–1002. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2032183.
  6. Matthews D.R. i wsp. (1985). Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia, 28(7), 412–419. DOI: 10.1007/BF00280883.
  7. Tomiyama A.J. i wsp. (2018). How and why weight stigma drives the obesity 'epidemic' and harms health. BMC Medicine, 16, 123. DOI: 10.1186/s12916-018-1116-5.
  8. Younossi Z.M. i wsp. (2019). The global epidemiology of NAFLD and NASH in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Hepatology, 71(4), 793–801. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.06.021.
  9. Grossmann M. i wsp. (2008). Low testosterone levels are common and associated with insulin resistance in men with diabetes. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 93(5), 1834–1840. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-2177.
  10. Dhindsa S. i wsp. (2010). Prevalence of subnormal testosterone concentrations in men with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. European Journal of Endocrinology, 163(2), 341–351. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-10-0359.
  11. Irving G. i wsp. (2017). International variations in primary care physician consultation time: a systematic review of 67 countries. BMJ Open, 7(10), e017907. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017907.
  12. Tabák A.G. i wsp. (2012). Prediabetes: a high-risk state for developing diabetes. Lancet, 379(9833), 2279–2290. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60283-9.

32. Obrzydliwe skutki uboczne schudnięcia o 30+ kg

  1. Klein S. i wsp., Absence of an effect of liposuction on insulin action and risk factors for coronary heart disease., N Engl J Med. 2004;350(25):2549–2557. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa040186.
  2. Coon D. i wsp., Body mass and surgical complications in the postbariatric reconstructive patient: analysis of 1197 cases., Ann Surg. 2009;249(3):397–401. DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31819a6464.
  3. Fraccalvieri M. i wsp., Complications in post-bariatric body contouring surgery., Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2013;37(6):1130–1136. DOI: 10.1007/s00266-013-0203-z.
  4. Proksch E. i wsp., Oral supplementation of specific collagen peptides has beneficial effects on human skin physiology: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study., Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2014;27(1):47–55. DOI: 10.1159/000351376.
  5. ASPS Clinical Practice Guidelines, Body Contouring after Massive Weight Loss., American Society of Plastic Surgeons, 2020.

33. Skalpel — rozwiązanie czy droga na skróty

  1. Rosenthal R.J. i wsp., Plasma ghrelin levels after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in obese individuals., PMC6676842. Prospektywne badanie 90 pacjentów; pomiary greliny na 1, 3 i 6 miesięcy po zabiegu. Dokumentuje spadek greliny o 48–57% po usunięciu fundusa żołądka.
  2. Schauer P.R. i wsp., Bariatric Surgery versus Intensive Medical Therapy for Diabetes — 5-Year Outcomes (STAMPEDE)., New England Journal of Medicine, 2017, 376(7):641–651. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1600869. RCT fazy 3, n=150. Podstawowe źródło dla danych o remisji T2DM po bariatrii.
  3. Jiang Y. i wsp., Type 2 Diabetes Remission After Bariatric Surgery and Its Impact on Healthcare Costs., Obesity Surgery, 2023. PMC10687155. Remisja T2DM: 73,1% rok po zabiegu, 61,6% po 3 latach. Dane dla całej populacji operowanych pacjentów.
  4. Diabetes remission after bariatric surgery — przegląd mechanizmów. PMC8311476. Omawia wczesną poprawę insulinowrażliwości wątrobowej i wzrost GLP-1 w ciągu godzin do dni od zabiegu.
  5. The Role of GLP-1 in the Metabolic Success of Bariatric Surgery. PMC5711387. Dokumentuje wzrost GLP-1 w ciągu godzin po sleeve gastrectomy jako mechanizm wczesnej poprawy glikemii — niezależny od utraty wagi.
  6. Weight Loss Maintenance After Bariatric Surgery: a Systematic Review. PMC10337010. Wykazuje, że 75,7% pacjentów to „dobrzy respondenci" utrzymujący ≥50% excess weight loss; ~20% doświadcza wtórnego powrotu wagi.
  7. Puzziferri N. i wsp., Long-Term Follow-Up After Bariatric Surgery: a Systematic Review., PMC6320354. Meta-analiza długoterminowych wyników — utrata masy ciała 30–40% całkowitej i 50–70% nadmiaru w horyzoncie 5–15 lat.
  8. Five-Year Outcomes in Bariatric Surgery Patients. PMC7761683. Prospektywne badanie wieloośrodkowe. Uzupełniające dane do 5-letniej skuteczności sleeve i bypass.
  9. Flum D.R. i wsp., 30-Day Mortality After Bariatric Surgery: Independently Adjudicated Causes of Death in the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (LABS)., PMC3249614. Śmiertelność 30-dniowa: 0,3% dla wszystkich procedur bariatrycznych (dane historyczne, kohorta 2000–2004).
  10. Perioperative Morbidity and Mortality of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: Single-Surgeon Experience on 892 Patients Over 11 Years., World Journal of Surgery, 2023. DOI: 10.1007/s00268-023-07123-0. Śmiertelność 0,22% — dane z dużego centrum specjalistycznego. Współczesne dane z baz wielu ośrodków wskazują medianę ~0,08%.

Dodatek 02. Twój osobisty radar

  1. Zasady działania CGM i opóźnienie fizjologiczne: Czym jest ciągłe monitorowanie glikemii, materiały edukacyjne Abbott / FreeStyle Libre (pro.freestyle.abbott).
  2. Wskaźniki TIR, GMI i CV: Systemy ciągłego monitorowania glikemii (CGM) – pigułka wiedzy dla lekarzy POZ, Remedium.md.
  3. Wpływ CGM na zmianę nawyków: CGM for Weight Loss: A Data-Driven Guide, BodySpec; oraz badania potwierdzające wzrost aktywności fizycznej na skutek biofeedbacku z CGM opublikowane m.in. w Polish Heart Journal (Viamedica).
  4. Zjawisko świtu, wpływ snu i stresu na glikemię: Opracowania kliniczne NutriSense oraz SuperAge dotyczące monitorowania glukozy u osób bez zdiagnozowanej cukrzycy.
  5. Reakcja organizmu na wysiłek i okno insulinowrażliwości: Monitory poziomu glukozy: jak działają i czy mogą pomóc w wynikach sportowych, GymBeam.
  6. Opracowania kliniczne NutriSense oraz SuperAge dotyczące monitorowania glukozy u osób bez zdiagnozowanej cukrzycy.
  7. Reakcja organizmu na wysiłek i okno insulinowrażliwości: Monitory poziomu glukozy: jak działają i czy mogą pomóc w wynikach sportowych, GymBeam.

Dodatek 03. Leki, które masz w kieszeni

  1. De Jager J, et al. (2010). Long term treatment with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency: randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ, 340, c2181.
  2. Reinstatler L, et al. (2012). Association of biochemical B₁₂ deficiency with metformin therapy and vitamin B₁₂ supplements: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2006. Diabetes Care, 35(2), 327–333.
  3. Zinman B, et al. (2015). Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes (EMPA-REG OUTCOME). New England Journal of Medicine, 373(22), 2117–2128.
  4. Blau JE, et al. (2017). Canagliflozin triggers the appearance of euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis during fasting. Diabetes Care, 40(10), e129–e130.
  5. Wiviott SD, et al. (2019). Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (DECLARE–TIMI 58). New England Journal of Medicine, 380(4), 347–357.
  6. Perkovic V, et al. (2019). Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy (CREDENCE). New England Journal of Medicine, 380(24), 2295–2306.
  7. European Medicines Agency. (2016). SGLT2 inhibitors: information on potential risk of diabetic ketoacidosis. EMA/475893/2016.

Dodatek 04. Leki vs Jedzenie i Alkohol

  1. Flozyny (SGLT-2) a kwasica ketonowa: Peters AL, et al. Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis: A Potential Complication of Treatment With Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(9):1687-1693.
  2. Metformina a kwasica mleczanowa i alkohol: DeFronzo RA, et al. Metformin-associated lactic acidosis: Current perspectives on causes and risk. Metabolism. 2016;65(2):20-29.
  3. GLP-1 a ostre zapalenie trzustki (oraz alkohol jako promotor): Sodhi M, et al. Risk of Gastrointestinal Adverse Events Associated With Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists for Weight Loss. JAMA. 2023;330(18):1795-1797.

Dodatek 05. Nawodnienie — ile i czego pić

  1. Flozyny (SGLT-2) a diureza osmotyczna i przesunięcia płynów: Lytvyn Y, et al. Sodium Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibition in Heart Failure: Potential Mechanisms, Clinical Applications, and Summary of Clinical Trials. Circulation. 2017;136(17):1643-1658.
  2. Kwasica ketonowa (euDKA) wywoływana restrykcją węglowodanów i odwodnieniem przy SGLT-2: Goldenberg RM, et al. SGLT2 Inhibitor-associated Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Clinical Review and Recommendations for Prevention and Diagnosis. Clinical Therapeutics. 2016;38(12):2654-2664.
  3. Restrykcje płynowe w niewydolności serca (zasada nadrzędna kardiologii): Yancy CW, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure. Circulation. 2013;128(16):e240-e327.

Dodatek 06. Co zrobić po wpadce dietetycznej

  1. Blau, J. E., et al. (2017). Canagliflozin triggers the appearance of euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis during fasting. Diabetes Care, 40(10), e129–e130.
  2. Levine, J. A. (2004). Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT). Nutrition Reviews, 62(suppl_2), S82–S97.
  3. Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P. (1985). Dieting and binging: A causal analysis. American Psychologist, 40(2), 193–201.
  4. Siler, S. Q., et al. (1999). De novo lipogenesis, lipid kinetics, and whole-body lipid oxidation in humans during and after alcohol consumption. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70(5), 928–936.
  5. Spiegel, K., et al. (2004). Brief communication: Sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite. Annals of Internal Medicine, 141(11), 846–850.
  6. Välimäki, M., et al. (1984). Acute effects of alcohol on female and male endocrine function. Annals of Clinical Research, 16(5–6), 31–36.

Dodatek 07. Jak nie rozwalić systemu w hotelu

  1. De Castro JM, Brewer EM. (1992). The amount eaten in meals by humans is a power function of the number of people present. Physiology & Behavior, 51(1), 121–125.
  2. Surwit RS, et al. (2002). Stress management improves long-term glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 25(1), 30–34.
  3. Levine JA. (2004). Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT). Nutrition Reviews, 62(suppl_2), S82–S97.
  4. DiPietro L, et al. (2013). Three 15-min bouts of moderate postmeal walking significantly improves 24-h glycemic control in older people at risk for impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care, 36(10), 3262–3268.

Dodatek 08. Testosteron po 40

  1. Corona, G., et al. (2013). Body weight loss reverts obesity-associated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Endocrinology, 168(6), 829–843.
  2. Godard, M. P., et al. (2005). Body composition and hormonal adaptations associated with forskolin consumption in overweight and obese men. Obesity Research, 13(8), 1335–1343.
  3. Pilz, S., et al. (2011). Effect of vitamin D supplementation on testosterone levels in men. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 43(3), 223–225.
  4. Traish, A. M., et al. (2014). Long-term testosterone therapy in hypogonadal men ameliorates elements of the metabolic syndrome: an observational, long-term registry study. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 68(3), 314–329.
  5. Wankhede, S., et al. (2015). Examining the effect of Withania somnifera supplementation on muscle strength and recovery: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12(1), 43.

Dodatek 09. Co powiedzieć w niewygodnej sytuacji

  1. Christakis NA, Fowler JH. (2007). The spread of obesity in a large social network over 32 years. New England Journal of Medicine, 357(4), 370–379.
  2. De Castro JM, Brewer EM. (1992). The amount eaten in meals by humans is a power function of the number of people present. Physiology & Behavior, 51(1), 121–125.
  3. Wing RR, Jeffery RW. (1999). Benefits of recruiting participants with friends and increasing social support for weight loss and maintenance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(1), 132–138.

Dodatek 10. Koszt leczenia vs koszt choroby

  1. NFZ o zdrowiu: Otyłość i jej konsekwencje, Raport Narodowego Funduszu Zdrowia (Aktualizacja 2024/2025).
  2. Najwyższa Izba Kontroli (NIK), Raport nr KZD.430.003.2023: „Wdrażanie rozwiązań w zakresie profilaktyki i leczenia otyłości u osób dorosłych”.
  3. Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej UM Wrocławia, Dokumentacja „Programu profilaktyki cukrzycy typu 2 dla mieszkańców Wrocławia” — analiza kosztów leczenia pacjenta z T2DM (82,5%).
  4. Fundacja Republikańska, Raport: „Otyłość epidemią XXI wieku — analiza kosztów bezpośrednich i pośrednich”.
  5. Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego – PZH, Analizy epidemiologiczne i kosztowe chorób niezakaźnych (NCD).
  6. Program Poprawy Dostępności (Novo Nordisk), Oficjalne cenniki maksymalne preparatu Wegovy w Polsce (2025/2026).
  7. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS), Dane o absencji chorobowej i przeciętnym trwaniu życia w Polsce.
  8. Guh DP, et al. The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:88. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-88
  9. CODE-2 Advisory Board. The economic burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 2002;19 Suppl 4:1-3. DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-5491.19.s4.1.x
  10. Trogdon JG, et al. Indirect costs of obesity: a review of the current literature. Obes Rev. 2008;9(5):489-500. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00472.x
  11. Neovius K, et al. Healthcare resource utilisation in patients with extreme obesity: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2012;13(4):327-36. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00972.x
  12. Whitlock G, et al. Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet. 2009;373(9669):1083-1096. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60318-4
  13. Luppino FS, et al. Overweight, Obesity, and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Longitudinal Studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(3):220-229. DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.2
  14. Brunello G, d'Hombres B. Does body weight affect wages? Evidence from Europe. Econ Hum Biol. 2007;5(1):1-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2006.11.002
  15. Müller TD, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Mol Metab. 2019;30:72-130. DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.09.010
  16. Wilding JPH, et al. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(11):989-1002. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2032183
  17. Davies M, et al. Semaglutide 2·4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2021;397(10278):971-984. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02036-9
  18. Ustawa z dnia 26 lipca 1991 r. o podatku dochodowym od osób fizycznych, art. 26 ust. 7a (ulga rehabilitacyjna). Tekst jednolity: isap.sejm.gov.pl